氣體分析儀應(yīng)用指導(dǎo)
一般地說,氣體分析儀器應(yīng)用本身是一門*的技術(shù)工作,而且是一種具有研究性質(zhì)的工作。但是,這一點是不為行外人所認(rèn)知和理解的。目前為止,國內(nèi)空分行業(yè)氣體分析儀器應(yīng)用的技術(shù)水平與石化行業(yè)及化工化肥行業(yè)相比,仍然停留在初級階段,難以快速提高和發(fā)展,主要原因正在于此。
氣體分析儀(本文專指為微量氣體分析用的儀器)是一種用來進(jìn)行氣體成分分析檢驗的工具,借助它能得到某些成分種類和含量的數(shù)據(jù)。但是,氣體分析儀器不是一種簡單的工具,它既不像流量計、壓力表那樣結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,也不像各種熱工儀表那樣易于操作使用。它是一類結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、使用技術(shù)難度較大的工具,使用氣體分析儀器是一項較復(fù)雜且不易掌握的專門技術(shù)。
二 氣體分析儀器應(yīng)用難點分析
關(guān)于氣體分析儀器應(yīng)用的難點,從以下幾方面分析可以概略地了解一二。
2.1 氣體分析是實現(xiàn)一系列的化工過程
一臺氣體分析儀或一套氣體分析系統(tǒng)相當(dāng)于一套完整的化工工藝設(shè)備,因此,氣體分析儀器系統(tǒng)工作過程就是在實現(xiàn)一系列的化工過程。若想通過氣體分析得到準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù),就必須了解這一系列化工過程中各階段的情況及變化,認(rèn)真研究并掌握其中的規(guī)律,只有這樣才能達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確測定的目的。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,不僅在一臺氣體分析儀器內(nèi)部具備一套化工工藝過程的同樣情況和條件,而且,有時在儀器前級的樣氣預(yù)處理部分(含取樣系統(tǒng))也同樣是一套化工工藝過程。如遇到較復(fù)雜、較特殊的工藝技術(shù)條件的話,那么樣氣預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)所體現(xiàn)的化工過程還是非常復(fù)雜的,相當(dāng)于一個小化工廠的凈化處理工藝過程。由此可見,氣體分析的過程就是在了解并掌握整個化工過程系統(tǒng)條件的前提下,嚴(yán)格控制各種影響測定條件的因素,從而得到工藝及管理人員所需要的準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù)。
2.2 應(yīng)用過程中控制影響因素和排除干擾因素困難較大
在儀器應(yīng)用的過程中,影響因素種類較多且變化較復(fù)雜,而要想有效地控制這些影響因素及排除干擾測定的因素則困難比較大。例如微量氧的測定,不但要嚴(yán)格控制系統(tǒng)材質(zhì)和密封,而且系統(tǒng)的潔凈等諸多因素也必須逐一解決好,否則,氧成分分析不會得到準(zhǔn)確的測定結(jié)果。而對于氣體中微量水含量的測定,除了考慮以上提到的各種影響因素外,還必須考慮到樣氣中的水在管道內(nèi)的吸附平衡問題,而這一問題的妥善處理必須依靠反復(fù)試驗,了解其變化情況和規(guī)律,掌握其中的操作技術(shù),以便得到準(zhǔn)確無誤的結(jié)果。當(dāng)然,使用氣相色譜儀測定高純氣體中ppm—ppb級雜質(zhì)成分含量要考慮和控制的影響因素就更加復(fù)雜了。
2.3 微量氣體成分分析的影響因素更復(fù)雜
氣體成分在管道及設(shè)備中流動時發(fā)生的微觀變化是復(fù)雜的、多變的。在常量氣體成分分析時可以忽略的諸多影響因素,在微量氣體成分分析時不僅不能忽略,反而必須認(rèn)真對待,此時,這些因素已經(jīng)成為影響微量氣體成分分析正確結(jié)果的主要矛盾,必須逐一排除和解決才能使微量氣體分析儀器工作順利完成。這些影響因素主要包括以下幾個方面:①取樣管路內(nèi)氣體多次的反復(fù)混合;②管壁與氣體成分的物理化學(xué)作用;③管路材質(zhì);④管路連接方式;⑤管路潔凈程度。
2.4 儀器和方法驗證是獲得準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)鍵之一
儀器作為一種計量檢測工具,在正常運行情況下,給出的數(shù)據(jù)絕大多數(shù)都是相對量值,測定數(shù)據(jù)是否準(zhǔn)確及準(zhǔn)確的程度(精度),儀器本身是無法提供的,也是無法證實的。必須依靠外圍技術(shù)工作完成,這就是分析數(shù)據(jù)的驗證工作。
(1)儀器線性關(guān)系的驗證。首先,為確保儀器的正常運行,分析儀器作為計量儀器的一種,必須每年經(jīng)過*按照國家制訂的規(guī)程進(jìn)行檢測,方能許可使用。同時,每年還需要用系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣體檢查儀器在整個線性范圍內(nèi)的線性關(guān)系是否保持正常的狀態(tài)。否則盲目相信分析儀器(即使是進(jìn)口儀器)的完好程度肯定會使錯誤的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)管理及質(zhì)量管理上的失誤。
(2)誤差分析。在分析儀器的應(yīng)用過程中,對于每一次測定結(jié)果的數(shù)據(jù),必須作出誤差分析,以確定數(shù)據(jù)分析的真實性、可靠性和可信程度。一個合格的分析工作者是不會也不應(yīng)該隨隨便便地把每次分析測定的結(jié)果上報或公布的。一般是在測定結(jié)果得出后,經(jīng)過誤差分析,在確定分析數(shù)據(jù)的誤差總和小于規(guī)定的允許誤差時,才將這一個(或一組)數(shù)據(jù)視為正確測定結(jié)果上報或公布。否則,不準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)會給生產(chǎn)管理者帶來嚴(yán)重的不良后果。
(3)定量分析常用的儀器校正。氣體分析儀作為一種定量分析儀器,在做定量分析前必須使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣進(jìn)行校正(或標(biāo)定)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣一般是從國家*或合法工廠購買的,在特殊情況下,也可以自行配置(但要具有配置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣的資格和能力以及相關(guān)的設(shè)備)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣保質(zhì)期為一年,在使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣校正分析儀器時,還必須深入了解正常手續(xù)和使用規(guī)律。如果購買和使用不合乎要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣,會導(dǎo)致分析數(shù)據(jù)的極大偏差。如果對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣的使用要求不甚了解,也會因得不到準(zhǔn)確數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果,給空分生產(chǎn)帶來麻煩。
2.5 分析工程師要不斷改進(jìn)和提高分析檢測技術(shù)
一個合格的分析工程師需要不斷學(xué)習(xí)和研究分析儀器的新技術(shù)及儀器分析新技術(shù),并及時將其應(yīng)用到本職工作中,以達(dá)到不斷改進(jìn)和提高分析檢測技術(shù)的目的。一個分析工程師不但要能夠盡可能搞好現(xiàn)有設(shè)備的應(yīng)用,而且還應(yīng)當(dāng)在對現(xiàn)今使用的儀器原理、結(jié)構(gòu)及性能深入了解的基礎(chǔ)上,隨時吸收國外及*分析技術(shù),不斷技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,進(jìn)一步完善并提高現(xiàn)有儀器的檢測水平,而不只是滿足于簡單操作。
Gas analysis instrument types
Thermal conductivity type
The gas analysis instrument a physics class. It according to the principle of different gas has different heat conduction ability, through the determination of mixed gas thermal conductivity
Coefficient to calculate the content of some components. This analysis instrument is simple and reliable, it is suitable for gas sort is more, it is a kind of basic analysis
The instrument. But direct measurement of the thermal conductivity of the gas is difficult, so in fact often converts the change of gas thermal conductivity for resistance
And then use a bridge to measure. Thermal conductivity type gas analyzer of heat sensitive components are mainly two categories, semiconductor sensitive element and metal wire. And a half
Conductor sensor of small size, small thermal inertia, temperature coefficient of resistance is big, so high sensitivity, small time lag. Sintering bead on platinum coil
Shape metal oxide as the sensitive element, and then, resistance, same calorific value of platinum coil around the pair on the same gas no reaction of the material
As a compensation element. These two components as constitute a bridge circuit, two arms is measuring circuit. Metal oxide semiconductor sensor
Measured gas adsorption, conductivity and thermal conductivity changes, components of the cooling status changes. The platinum wire components temperature change
Ring resistance change, bridge hence a unbalanced voltage output, thus can detect the concentration of the gas. The application of thermal conductivity type gas analyzer van
Wai is very wide, in addition to the normally used to analyze the hydrogen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and low concentration of combustible gas content, also can be used as
Chromatographic analyzer detector for analysis of other elements.
Thermal magnetic type
Thermomagnetic oxygen analyzer
Its principle is to use oxygen in flue gas components particularly high magnetic susceptibility of the physical characteristics to determine the oxygen content in flue gas. For paramagnetic oxygen gas
(gas can be attracted by the magnetic field is called paramagnetic gases), attracted in the non-uniform magnetic field and flow field is stronger. In the
Equipped with heating wire, make here to raise the temperature of oxygen and susceptibility to drop, so magnetic attraction is reduced, the susceptibility of higher not behind
Heated oxygen molecules shoved to the magnetic field, the resulting "thermomagnetic convection" or "magnetic wind" phenomenon. In a certain gas pressure,
Temperature and flow rate, magnetic wind size can be measured by measuring the oxygen content in the gas sample. Due to the temperature sensor (platinum) both as imbalance
The two bridge arm resistance, and as a heating resistance wire, temperature gradient in magnetic under the action of wind, namely the temperature of the inlet side of the bridge arm is low
In the temperature of the gas side bridge arm. Unbalanced bridge will be as the oxygen content in the gas sample is different, the output voltage value accordingly.
Thermal magnetic type oxygen analyzer has the advantages of simple structure, convenient in manufacture and adjustment
Thermomagnetic oxygen analyzer
Thermomagnetic oxygen analyzer used to continuous automatic analysis all kinds of oxygen content in mixed gas. Applicable to a variety of industrial sector and research institutions, etc. This instrument is designed according to the oxygen has Gao Shun magnetic characteristics. In industrial gas in the body, the magnetic susceptibility is much higher than other gas of oxygen, so the gas mixture of magnetic susceptibility almost entirely on how much oxygen contained, namely according to the susceptibility of the mix of oxygen content can be determined.
Main used in power plants, chemical fertilizer plants, cement plants, light industry and other departments analysis of oxygen concentration, to ensure product quality.
The working principle of
Its working principle based on Gao Shun magnetic oxygen gas. Oxygen magnetic susceptibility is higher than general gas susceptibility of dozens or even hundreds of times, nitrogen and oxygen
Mixed gas of magnetic susceptibility is almost entirely depends on how much oxygen concentration by it, as a result, according to the determination of nitrogen and oxygen mixed gas of magnetic susceptibility
To analyze the oxygen concentration.
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